BBC- The western Mexican state of Sinaloa is home to the country’s most powerful and bloody drug cartel. The money it generates has left its imprint on the relationships between narcos and young women – and fuelled a local obsession with plastic surgery.

On the desk in her clinic in the city of Culiacan, Dr Rafaela Martinez Terrazas has a stack of applications from potential clients – women wanting surgery. Most of them ask for procedures associated with what has become known as the “narco-aesthetic”.

“A smaller, defined waist… Wider hips with bigger buttocks… And if we’re talking breasts, they’re generally large,” says Martinez.

A woman with this hyper-feminised, exaggerated silhouette is often referred to as la buchona in Mexico – especially if she has a taste for flashy, designer goods and has a narco lover.

“The average age of my patients is between 30 and 40. But very often much younger women come – even minors under 18,” says the doctor.

“They compete with each other – who has the best body, or the tiniest waist.”

The women and teenagers might come for a consultation with their mothers or friends. Others arrive with a man, or alone.

“Often they come with a boyfriend who pays for the surgery. And I have various gentlemen who call me and say, ‘Hey, doctor – I’m going to send you a girl to operate on.’

“One guy rang me and said, ‘One of my girls is coming to see you. Now doctor, you know what I like. Don’t take any notice of what she says – that’s what I’m paying you for,’” Martinez says.

“I told him to sort it out with her, because when the patient’s in my operating theatre, she will make the decisions.”

This man has sent maybe 30 women to Rafaela Martinez for surgery. At around $6,500 (£4,700) for lipo-sculpture, procedures are not cheap. Often the payment is made in cash.

“Obviously, in these cases the money comes from drug-trafficking,” Martinez says. “I used to say, ‘This definitely isn’t good.’ Now, it’s not that I’ve changed my mind, but I no longer think about it so much before operating. That’s because the economy here in Sinaloa – restaurants, bars, hospitals – depends on drug-trafficking.”

Martinez tries to counsel women whose operations are paid for by a lover.

“I ask the patient if she’s OK about the surgery he wants her to have. Sometimes they say, ‘It’s fine, whatever he wants.’ And I explain to them that after a while, he won’t be their boyfriend any more, but their body will be theirs for the rest of their lives. So they must choose what they want – not what he wants.”

In her consulting room, the doctor sees the evidence of semi-contractual, often temporary liaisons between men and women. These are personal relationships in Sinaloa shaped – some would say misshaped – by drug trafficking.

“For a narco it’s really important to have a beautiful woman at his side… It’s like the prototype for every narco,” says Pedro (not his real name).

Pedro is a powerfully built man in his 30s who does not want to be identified. He describes himself as a personal trainer, and moves in drug-trafficking circles in Sinaloa.

“Men compete with each other for women. Your wife is someone who will be at home looking after your children. The other women you have are more like trophies.”

Emma Coronel Aispuro, wife of the notorious former head of the Sinaloa cartel, Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán, pleaded guilty in June in Washington DC to conspiracy to distribute drugs and a range of other charges. She reportedly met Guzmán as a teenager at a beauty pageant in Durango, Mexico, in 2007, and agreed to marry him that day.

The rise and fall of a drug kingpin’s wife

And there is something more basic at work too.

“Men are motivated by lust – for large buttocks and breasts. More than anything it’s lust,” he says.

Pedro has paid for plastic surgery for two women.

“Maybe someone you know tells you, ‘My friend wants her breasts done, or her buttocks, or her nose fixed. She’s looking for a sponsor.’ And if the man’s attracted to her, then he’ll be her sponsor or godfather,” he says.

A deal is done.

“So a woman might say, ‘OK, my body’s yours for six months if you pay for the operation,’” Pedro says.

And these informal contracts may not only be for surgery.

“Often if a woman isn’t the daughter of someone with means, they look for a boyfriend who can support them,” he says. “So the agreement might be for things like a car, a house, cash or luxury items.”

In Sinaloa, where poverty is rife and life precarious as a result of the presence of so many armed groups, a “godfather” may bring a woman not only comfort, but also protection.

This is what Carmen (again, not her real name) was looking for when she made a pact with a narco. She lives in Culiacan, Sinaloa’s biggest city, but comes from a poor, rural area, where as a child she was often hungry.

“I wanted a life my family couldn’t give me because of poverty,” she says. “So when I was 16 I told my mother I was going to live by myself. I remember my grandmother said, ‘But you’re just a child, what are you going to do?’ And I said, ‘I have hands and feet, and I’m intelligent. I can work.’”

Carmen moved to Culiacan, and stayed with one of the many families linked to organised crime. But in this house she was sexually assaulted. Carmen took a chance and confided in a man she met.

“He saw I was very scared and he said, ‘Take my number.’ I found the courage to leave that house, and kept in touch with him.”

The relationship became sexual.

“He told me, ‘You’re a girl, you’re alone and you have no-one to protect you in Culiacan, a dangerous city.’

“He said, ‘I’ll be your godfather.’ So I see him when he wants to see me, and all his people know who I am. I can walk around anywhere in Culiacan, and I feel super-protected that nothing’s going to happen to me.”

She doesn’t know how many other women have a similar relationship with this same man.

Carmen is bold and determined. This is a young woman who dreams of going to university and starting her own business, and she has calculated that the way to achieve her goals in Sinaloa is to succumb to the whims of a man she also identifies as extremely dangerous.

“I haven’t stopped being frightened of him. When I meet him there’s talk about mafia, about business – that scares me,” she says.

“What I try to do is forget what I heard and saw, because that can get you into trouble… Maybe my patron isn’t bad, but he’s done bad things. And he might not want to do me harm, but he could have me disappeared whether he’s bad or not.”

Carmen is under pressure from her narco-godfather to have plastic surgery to transform her petite figure. So far she has managed to avoid being taken to a doctor’s consulting room.

“I think those who get surgery are insecure, and maybe they’re more interested than I am in becoming more like la buchona,” she says.

Narco culture’s obsession with plastic surgery has leaked into Sinaloa’s wider society. Billboards advertising surgeons and their wares appear all over Culiacan, assuring prospective clients they can pay with credit if they do not have ready cash. It’s not uncommon for a teenage girl to receive new breasts or a remodelled nose for a birthday or Christmas present. Men too are nipped, tucked and lipo-suctioned.

Janette Quintero, who runs a large hair and beauty salon, has had more than 20 surgical procedures.

“I love it. For a woman, having surgery is the most beautiful thing in the world – to change things that you don’t like about your body,” she says.

“In my 20s, I was the woman with the most pronounced bottom in all of Sinaloa! I wanted to be like the others.”

Now she says fashion is changing – some women are having the size of their bust and bottoms reduced. But Gabriela (also not her real name), a 38-year-old single mother with her own business, is not among them. She’s very happy with the uber-feminised curves she paid for herself after the break-up of a relationship.

Those procedures have raised her self-esteem, she says, even if they have not yet helped her attract the new partner she is looking for.

While many women in Sinaloa go through a phase of wanting to be a narco’s girlfriend, Gabriela says, she now wants a different kind of man – “someone who’s intelligent, a worker, and who’s loyal”.

But those qualities may be scarce in Sinaloa.

“It’s very normal for a man to have three or four women as well as other girlfriends. It’s part of the culture,” says Gabriela, philosophically.

“And what I’ve seen over time is that men have become more shameless. Women put up with it while they’re supported financially – eyes that don’t see, a heart that doesn’t feel,”

Narco culture has fostered the idea that women are property “owned” by men, says Maria Teresa Guerra, a lawyer who has spent decades advocating for women in Sinaloa.

And this increases the risk of violence against women, she believes, whether that is violence from a narco lover or his enemies.

“Women have been murdered because they’re the partner of a trafficker, or when a man feels he’s been betrayed. The narcos send a message that women belong to them,” Guerra says.

In Sinaloa twice as many women are killed using firearms than in other Mexican states.

“What we find in Culiacan is a high incidence of violence and cruelty against women – their bodies are found tortured and burned,” says Guerra.

“I remember the case of a young woman – her boyfriend was a narco. He paid for her cosmetic surgery. When she was killed, the assassins aimed their bullets at her breasts and her hips – the parts of her body the narco had invested in.”

How easy is it for a woman to say ‘No’ to a narco?

“I’ve known women who want to disassociate themselves from drug traffickers, but it’s complicated,” says Guerra.

“The authorities still don’t want to confront this issue of narco culture. There’s no serious fight against organised crime – there’s still complicity. It’s the narcos who are protected, not women.”

Carmen, who is committed to a dangerous liaison with a cartel heavyweight, may not quite have understood this. Or at least, she refuses to engage with it.

And she does not know how much longer she will be able to resist his entreaties to visit a surgeon to enlarge her breasts or make her bottom bigger.

“For now, he treats me like a goddess,” she says.

Maybe. But you do not cross the men with guns in Sinaloa.

BBC- The US government has imposed sanctions on Cuban officials who they claim committed human rights abuses during a crackdown on protests earlier in July.

The move by President Joe Biden’s administration comes amid pressure from Cuban-Americans and politicians to respond to the anti-regime protests.

The US is also exploring ways to keep internet access open on the island.

The 11 July protest was Cuba’s largest in decades. Hundreds were arrested and at least one protester was killed.

Cuba has blamed the US and its economic sanctions for the protests and Cuba’s wider problems. The US has said it supports the Cuban people asserting their rights.

Demonstrators have said they were angry about the collapse of the economy, food and medicine shortages, price hikes and the government’s handling of Covid-19.

The sanctions announced on Thursday target defence minister General Alvaro Lopez Miera and the interior ministry’s special forces unit, blocking all US assets and transactions with Americans.

“This is just the beginning,” Mr Biden said in a statement. “The United States will continue to sanction individuals responsible for the oppression of the Cuban people.”

During the presidential race, Mr Biden had pledged to undo then-President Donald Trump’s travel and economic policies against Cuba.

Former President Barack Obama had re-established diplomatic relations with Havana in 2015.

White House officials say Mr Biden may increase the number of staff at the Havana embassy in an effort to support the Cuban people. Earlier this week, the White House also formed a group to discuss ways for Cubans living abroad to send money home in a way that avoids government-controlled banks.

In recent weeks, Cuban-Americans, especially those in Florida who supported Mr Trump in the 2020 election, have been fiercely critical of Mr Biden’s response to the protests.

“Cuba policy puts Joe Biden in a bind, caught between those on the left who long for a return to Obama-era diplomatic outreach and Cuba hard-liners, particularly in the key electoral battleground of Florida,” says BBC North America reporter Anthony Zurcher.

“It’s a delicate balance that may leave no one satisfied.”