A mass killing by a British teen who fatally stabbed three little girls and seriously injured 10 other people at a Taylor Swift-themed dance class in 2024 "could and should have been prevented" if his parents and state agencies had acted as his well-known fixation on violence escalated, according to a report.
Adrian Fulford, a retired judge who led a nine-week inquiry, issued a 763-page report on Monday that catalogued the many times parents or authorities could have intervened in Axel Rudakubana's life to ultimately prevent him from carrying out killings that he said were unprecedented in the UK for their "extreme and very particular depravity".
"One of the most striking conclusions from this inquiry's extensive investigation is the sheer number of missed opportunities more than many years to intervene meaningfully, which directly contributed to the failure to avert this disaster," Fulford said.
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"The consequences were catastrophic."
Rudakubana, who was 17 when he carried the attack in north-western England, is serving a life sentence with no chance of parole for 52 years for killing Alice Da Silva Aguiar, 9, Elsie Dot Stancombe, 7, and Bebe King, 6, and wounding eight children and two adults.
The attack in the town of Southport shocked the country and triggered days of disorder after far-right activists seized on incorrect reports that the attacker was a Muslim migrant who had recently arrived in the UK. Rudakubana was born in Wales to Rwandan Christian parents.
The report made 67 recommendations to prevent future atrocities and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer promised changes to correct the "systematic failures that led to this terrible event".
"The report today is truly harrowing and profoundly disturbing," Starmer said.
"While nothing will ever bring these three little girls back, I'm determined to make the fundamental changes needed to keep the public safe."
Police, social workers and educators were well aware of problems with Rudakubana.
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At age 13, he was convicted in 2019 of assaulting another child at school with a hockey stick and placed under supervision of a local service for youth offenders.
He was referred to the government's anti-extremism program, Prevent, three times between 2019 and 2021 for expressing interest in school shootings, the 2017 London Bridge terror attack, the Irish Republican Army and the Middle East. Each time, the case was closed because he was not considered susceptible to becoming a terrorist.
During that same period, local police were called to his home five times more than unspecified concerns about his behaviour. He was given mental health and educational support, but later appeared to have stopped engaging with social workers. He was expelled after bringing a knife to school and hardly ever showed up at a subsequent school.
Fulford highlighted an incident two years before the rampage when Rudakubana was caught on a bus with a knife in March 2022 and told police he wanted to stab someone and admitted trying to make poison.
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Taken together, they should have sparked an arrest that would likely have led to a search of his house that would have discovered he had bought seeds to make the biological toxin ricin and downloaded terrorist material on his computer, Fulford said.
But he was not arrested and was released to his parents, who feared him and repeatedly failed to report the various knives he had purchased, his troubling behaviour and threats he had made.
After the July 29, 2024 rampage, police searched his home and discovered ricin and a document described as an al-Qaeda training manual.
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