Democrats in Congress released six years' worth of former US President Donald Trump's tax returns on Friday, the culmination of a years-long effort to learn about the finances of a onetime business mogul who broke decades of political norms when he refused to voluntarily release the information as he sought the White House.
The returns, which include redactions of some personal sensitive information such as Social Security and bank account numbers, are from 2015 to 2020.
Their release follows a party-line vote in the House Ways and Means Committee last week to make the returns public.
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Committee Democrats argued that transparency and the rule of law were at stake, while Republicans countered that the release would set a dangerous precedent with regard to the loss of privacy protections.
Trump had refused to release his returns when he ran for president and had waged a legal battle to keep them secret while he was in the White House. But the Supreme Court ruled last month that he had to turn them over to the tax-writing Ways and Means Committee.
The release, just days before Trump's fellow Republicans retake control of the House from the Democrats, raises the potential of new revelations about Trump's finances, which have been shrouded in mystery and intrigue since his days as an up-and-coming Manhattan real estate developer in the 1980s.
The returns could take on added significance now that Trump has launched a campaign for the White House in 2024.
They are likely to offer the clearest picture yet of his finances during his time in office.
Trump, known for building skyscrapers and hosting a reality TV show before winning the White House, did give some limited details about his holdings and income on mandatory disclosure forms.
He has promoted his wealth in the annual financial statements he provides to banks to secure loans and to financial magazines to justify his place on rankings of the world's billionaires.
Trump's longtime accounting firm has since disavowed the statements, and New York Attorney General Letitia James has filed a lawsuit alleging Trump and his Trump Organisation inflated asset values on the statements as part of a years-long fraud. Trump and his company have denied wrong-doing.
It will not be the first time Trump's tax returns have been under scrutiny.
In October 2018, The New York Times published a Pulitzer Prize-winning series based on leaked tax records that showed that Trump received a modern-day equivalent of at least $US413 million ($608 million) from his father's real estate holdings, with much of that money coming from what the Times called "tax dodges" in the 1990s.
A second series in 2020 showed that Trump paid just $US750 ($1105) in federal income taxes in 2017 and 2018, as well as no income taxes at all in 10 of the past 15 years because he generally lost more money than he made.
In its report last week, the Ways and Means Committee indicated the Trump administration may have disregarded a post-Watergate requirement mandating audits of a president's tax filings.
The IRS only began to audit Trump's 2016 tax filings on April 3, 2019 — more than two years into his presidency — when the committee chairman, Rep. Richard Neal, D-Mass., asked the agency for information related to the tax returns.
By comparison, there were audits of President Joe Biden for the 2020 and 2021 tax years, said Andrew Bates, a White House spokesperson. A spokesperson for former President Barack Obama said Obama was audited in each of his eight years in office.
A report from Congress' nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation raised multiple red flags about aspects of Trump's tax filings, including his carryover losses, deductions tied to conservation and charitable donations, and loans to his children that could be taxable gifts.
The House passed a bill in response that would require audits of any president's income tax filings. Republicans strongly opposed the legislation, raising concerns that a law requiring audits would infringe on taxpayer privacy and could lead to audits being weaponized for political gain.
The measure, approved mostly along party lines, has little chance of becoming law anytime soon with a new Republican-led House being sworn in in January. Rather, it is seen as a starting point for future efforts to bolster oversight of the presidency.
Republicans have argued that Democrats will regret the move once Republicans take power next week, and they warn that the committee's new GOP chair will be under pressure to seek and make public the tax returns of other prominent people.
Every president and major-party candidate since Richard Nixon has voluntarily made at least summaries of their tax information available to the public. Trump bucked that trend as a candidate and as president, repeatedly asserting that his taxes were "under audit" and couldn't be released.
Trump's lawyers were repeatedly denied in their quest to keep his tax returns from the House committee. A three-judge federal appeals court panel in August upheld a lower-court ruling granting the committee access.
Trump's lawyers also tried and failed to block the Manhattan district attorney's office from getting Trump's tax records as part of its investigation into his business practices, losing twice in the Supreme Court.
Trump's longtime accountant, Donald Bender, testified at the Trump Organization's recent Manhattan criminal trial that Trump reported losses on his tax returns every year for a decade, including nearly $US700 million ($1 billion) in 2009 and $US200 million ($300 million) in 2010.
Bender, a partner at Mazars USA LLP who spent years preparing Trump's personal tax returns, said Trump's reported losses from 2009 to 2018 included net operating losses from some of the many businesses he owns through the Trump Organisation.
The Trump Organisation was convicted earlier this month on tax fraud charges for helping some executives dodge taxes on company-paid perks such as apartments and luxury cars.
