The trial would have halved kerbside pick-ups in five suburbs for six months.

Warning: This story contains graphic details and images.

Two bystanders who died attempting to disarm one of the alleged Bondi shooters seconds before the massacre unfolded have been identified as Russian-Jewish couple Boris and Sofia Gurman.

The pair were shot dead in the confrontation on Sunday evening as they grappled with one of the shooters, believed to be 50-year-old Sajid Akram, shortly before an attack was launched on the Hanukkah by the Sea event, killing 13 other people and injuring dozens more.

Dashcam video later uploaded to Chinese social media shows the pair, who lived in Bondi, confronting the attacker on Campbell Parade in the lead-up to the mass shooting.

LIVE UPDATES: Australia mourns as Bondi victims fight for life

In the footage, Mr Gurman, 69, can be seen wrestling the alleged shooter to the ground, disarming him in the process.

He then wields the man's gun like a bat in an effort to stop the attack.

Later footage, which 9news.com.au has chosen not to publish, shows him fatally shot in the confrontation.

The couple was due to celebrate their 35th wedding anniversary in January and her birthday tomorrow, according to a statement from the family.

"We were looking forward to celebrating Sofia's 62nd birthday on Wednesday 17th of December," the statement read.

A retired mechanic, Boris was known for his "generosity, quiet strength and willingness to lend a hand to anyone in need", the family said.

LIVE UPDATES: Alleged Bondi shooters' Islamic State links probed as Australia mourns

Sofia worked at Australia Post and was "deeply loved by her colleagues and community".

The Gurman family remembered the couple as being "the heart of our family" and said their deaths have left "an immeasurable void".

"In recent days, we have become aware of footage showing Boris, with Sofia by his side, courageously attempting to disarm an attacker in an effort to protect others," the family said.

"While nothing can lessen the pain of losing Boris and Sofia, we feel an overwhelming sense of pride in their bravery and selflessness.

"This encapsulates who Boris and Sofia were – people who instinctively and selflessly tried to help others.

Mr and Mrs Gurman were the first victims of the terror attack.

To date, 15 people have died in the attack, not including the senior Akram, who was shot by police at the scene.

His son, 24-year-old Naveed Akram, this afternoon awoke from a coma in hospital, where he remains under police guard.

If you have been impacted by the terror attack in Bondi there is support available.

To contact Lifeline Australia, call 13 11 14 or text 0477 13 11 14. For people under 25 years old, you can contact Kids Helpline at 1800 55 1800. Both of these are available on a 24/7 basis.If you wish to donate blood, you can find your nearest donor centre here.

Temperatures are tipped to climb across many of Australia's capital cities this week as a hot air mass moves across the country.

A high pressure system centred to the south of Australia allowed a hot air mass to build over Western Australia in the past few days, according to Weatherzone meteorologist Ben Domensino.

"The heat was driven towards the west coast of WA on Sunday, causing Perth's maximum temperature to reached 40.1 degrees," Domensino said.

READ MORE: Bondi hero would 'do it again' despite being 'riddled with bullets'

"On Monday, Dalwallinu in the state's Central Wheatbelt reached 40.9 degrees, while Morawa to the southeast of Geraldton hit 42.6 degrees.

"The heat will intensify and spread towards the south of WA on Tuesday and Wednesday.

"Large areas of southern WA will see temperature reaching the low to mid 40s over the next two days, possibly hitting 46 degrees to the north of Eyre on Wednesday afternoon."

Temperatures are expected to rise in South Australia until Thursday, with Adelaide expected to reach 35 degrees tomorrow and 39 degrees on Thursday.

According to Weatherzone, Brisbane's maximum temperatures are expected to climb to the low-to-mid 30s from Friday as heat builds over southern Queensland.

Victorian residents will experience hot weather between now and Friday, with temperatures in the state's north predicted to reach the low 40s on Thursday and Friday.

READ MORE: The moment brickie realised ex-colleague was alleged Bondi terrorist

Melbourne's maximum temperature is expected to hit 32 degrees tomorrow and 37 degrees on Thursday.

Temperatures will climb to about 29 degrees in Hobart tomorrow before cooling down on Thursday.

Meanwhile hot air is expected to linger over New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory throughout the week.

Western Sydney could get close to 40 degrees on Friday, while Canberra could reach the low-to-mid 30s from tomorrow to Saturday.

The Bureau of Meteorology has issued a severe heatwave warning for parts of NSW including Illawarra, Southern Tablelands, Snowy Mountains, South West Slopes and Riverina.

The heat will be accompanied by rain and thunderstorms in parts of the country as moisture feeds into a low pressure trough on the western flank of the high pressure system.

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Two days on from the horrific terror attack targeting the Jewish community on Bondi Beach, questions have been raised about how the despicable shooting was able to occur in Australia, in the middle of one of the country's most iconic destinations.

Those queries have ranged from how the shooters escaped the watchful eye of security agencies and were able to have so many guns, to the government response to antisemitism.

Almost 48 hours after the attack, these are the answers we have to some of those questions.

LIVE UPDATES: Accused gunman awake in hospital as police investigate overseas military training trip

How did the shooters escape the attention of authorities? 

Of the father-son pair that carried out the attack, one was known to authorities: 24-year-old Naveed Akram, who had been investigated by ASIO in 2019.

Both the Sydney Morning Herald and the ABC have reported he came to the attention of the security agency following the July 2019 arrest of Isaac el Matari, the self-appointed leader of Islamic State in Australia who is currently in jail for planning to carry out a terror attack on Australian soil.

However, while Naveed was investigated for six months, he was not considered by authorities to pose a threat.

"He was examined on the basis of being associated with others," Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said yesterday.

READ MORE: 'Caring' woman who dedicated life to fighting discrimination named as victim of Bondi attack

"The assessment was made that there was no indication of any ongoing threat or threat of him engaging in violence."

Naveed is currently in hospital in a critical condition but is expected to be charged over the Bondi attack.

The older gunman, 50-year-old Sajid Akram, was killed during the shooting. 

He had arrived in Australia in 1998 on a student visa, transferred to a partner visa three years later, and was on a resident-return visa at the time of the attack.

He was not on authorities' radar.

How did they get access to guns? 

A member of a gun club, Sajid Akram held an AB licence – which covers single-shot rifles and shotguns, as well as some higher-powered firearms – and legally owned the guns used in the attack. 

All six of the firearms linked to his licence have now been seized by police.

Sajid was first approved for a gun licence in 2015, but that application lapsed because he didn't get a photo taken for it.

He then applied again in 2020 – after ASIO began investigating his son over ties to IS – and the licence was eventually issued in 2023.

NSW Premier Chris Minns said this morning it is "too early" to say whether there was an intelligence failure that led to that gun licence being granted.

READ MORE: Powerful acts of heroism shaped the Bondi terror tragedy

Why wasn't there more security at the event? 

While there was a police presence at the Chanukah by the Sea event targeted by the shooters, authorities have been questioned whether that was adequate, given the rise in antisemitic attacks in Sydney and across Australia since October 7, 2023.

Police were on the scene in five minutes and took down the shooters in nine.

The police response is being examined in a critical incident investigation, but Commissioner Mal Lanyon has defended the staffing levels at Bondi.

"We base our policing response on the threat that exists at the time," he said. 

"A lot of work is done between ourselves and the Jewish community. 

"Bondi Beach is a large and public area. We regularly patrol that area as we did on that day."

Both he and Minns have acknowledged that the presence would have been larger had there been intelligence about an attack.

"I don't think there's any doubt that if we had our time again, of course we would do things differently," the premier said.

READ MORE: Bondi attack 'inspired by Islamic State', two homemade flags found in car

"I can't take back Sunday. Nobody can," he added. 

"But what we can do is ensure that, in the future, we are putting security in place so that we rebuild trust with the Jewish community."

Minns did, however, strongly defend the actions of police, saying officers acted with "bravery and integrity".

"They engaged the gunman on the footbridge with handguns," he said. 

"The offenders had long-range rifles, and NSW Police officers were responsible for killing one of them and shooting the other one and, as a result, saving many, many people's lives. 

"There are two officers in critical care in New South Wales hospitals. They weren't shot in the back as they were running away. They were shot in the front. 

"I'm sorry to be graphic about it, but if there's any suggestion that NSW Police didn't live up to their responsibilities to the people of this state, it should be rejected because it's not consistent with the facts."

READ MORE: Plans for festive events uncertain as Sydney mourns Bondi terror attack

Why didn't the government act on antisemitic advice given to them months ago? 

The federal government has been criticised for not doing enough to combat the rise in antisemitism over the last two years, including by special envoy Jillian Segal, Opposition Leader Sussan Ley and former prime minister John Howard.

"(Prime Minister Anthony Albanese's) greatest failure is not to provide the moral leadership that a prime minister can in denouncing antisemitism," Howard said, while stressing the people responsible for the attack were the two shooters.

"The impression I had was that every time he got onto the subject, he would equate it with discrimination generally."

In particular, the government has been under fire for not adopting the recommendations to combat antisemitism handed down by Segal in August.

READ MORE: After the Bondi attack, Australia's terror level remains at 'probable'. What does that mean?

"The leadership has not been there for Jewish Australians," Ley said.

The government has defended its actions. 

While it hasn't yet formally adopted Segal's recommendations, Albanese pointed to several that it has acted on, including banning the Nazi salute and hate symbols, criminalising doxxing, and millions of dollars in education funding.

Home Affairs Minister Tony Burke also pointed to the deportation of people with antisemitic views as action the government has taken.

"We have acted and will continue to act on the implementation of the plan… we'll continue to work at the levels with the envoy, including a number of the recommendations for state governments to implement as well," Albanese said.

The matter has been complicated by the heavy criticism Segal's recommendations received, in part for relying on a controversial definition of antisemitism.

"The blueprint falls short in a range of areas essential to good public policy," human rights expert Louise Chappell said after their release. 

"This is due to its biased arguments, weak evidence and recommendation overreach."

READ MORE: 'We forever remember your smile': Heartbreaking footage of youngest Bondi victim

Can we stop this from happening again? 

Both the federal and NSW governments have promised legal reform in response to the shooting, particularly around stronger gun controls.

Investigations into the attack – at least an inquest is likely, and there are already calls for a royal commission – will provide recommendations on how to prevent future incidents.

However, it's worth noting that ASIO has been warning about the threat posed by lone wolf attacks for years.

This was Director-General Mike Burgess at the start of 2024:

"ASIO remains concerned about a lone actor moving from talk to action without warning…

"ASIO remains concerned about lone actors, though – the potential for an individual or small group under the radar of authorities to use readily available weapons to carry out an act of terrorism. 

READ MORE: Bystanders shown fighting with accused Bondi gunmen in new footage

"And this is a concern across the spectrum of motivations – religious and ideological."

And this was Burgess early this year:

"The most likely perpetrator of a terrorist attack is a lone actor, from a family previously unconnected to extremism…

"All (terror matters investigated last year) were lone actors or small groups. 

"Almost all the individuals were unknown to ASIO or the police and it is fair to say they allegedly moved towards violence more quickly than we have seen before."

It's also crucial to note that ASIO is effective at detecting and stopping terror attacks.

But the reality is they cannot monitor every person in the country.

"They do a marvellous job: ASIO, the AFP, their state ministry counterparts," former home affairs secretary Mike Pezzullo said yesterday, who added that "not every cell is intercepted" by authorities.

"They can't be everywhere. And frankly, if they were, we'd be a police state."

If you have been impacted by the terror attack in Bondi there is support available.

To contact Lifeline Australia, call 13 11 14 or text 0477 13 11 14.

For people under 25 years old, you can contact Kids Helpline at 1800 55 1800.

Both of these are available on a 24/7 basis.

If you wish to donate blood, you can find your nearest donor centre here.

DOWNLOAD THE 9NEWS APP: Stay across all the latest in breaking news, sport, politics and the weather via our news app and get notifications sent straight to your smartphone. Available on the Apple App Store and Google Play.

Two vehicles collided on Paterson St shortly after 4pm on Monday.

New Zealand was the last stop on her speaking tour down under.

Blind Low Vision NZ says some South Auckland areas are now off-limits for guide dogs.

The material involving infants and animals was among the worst investigators have seen.

A man has been prosecuted for an unconsented cabana on his Pāpāmoa beachfront property.

Fred Rogers once had some powerful words for anyone struggling to make sense of a horrible tragedy: "Look for the helpers".

"When I was a boy and I would see scary things in the news, my mother would say to me, 'Look for the helpers'," the US entertainer, better known as Mister Rogers, said.

"You will always find people who are helping."

This advice is more important than ever in the wake of the horror mass shooting in Bondi, after 15 innocent people were gunned down at the beach.

READ MORE: Bondi hero would 'do it again' despite being 'riddled with bullets'

The true spirit of Australian matehood and bravery was on full display this week.

As grief-stricken family members of the victims recount their loved ones' last moments and seemingly endless new reports come streaming in, there is some light among the darkness.

Countless Australians stepped up to help when they were most needed.

From heroic bystanders who stared evil in the eye, brave first responders and lifeguards who ran straight into gunfire, and blood donors who offered life-saving donations in droves – these helpers have made an immeasurable impact.

LIVE UPDATES: Australia mourns as Bondi victims fight for life; Philippines trip by alleged shooters probed

The brave bystanders

When a mass casualty event takes place in Australia, it is not unusual to hear or see everyday heroes who risk their lives to help – often without a second thought.

Ahmed El Ahmed, who is recovering in hospital right now after being shot, was the first person to be identified among the hero helpers.

The Sydney father-of-two, 44, crept up on one of the shooters, pounced on him and eventually wrangled the gun from his hands.

Ahmed then turned the weapon on the gunman but never fired, and shortly after he was injured in subsequent gunfire.

Ahmed has undergone surgery at St George Hospital as his bravery is lauded around the world.

READ MORE: How you can donate blood in the wake of the Bondi terror attack

"He doesn't regret what he did. He said he'd do it again. But the pain has started to take a toll on him," Ahmed's immigration lawyer Sam Issa told the Sydney Morning Herald after visiting the hero yesterday.

"He's not well at all. He's riddled with bullets. Our hero is struggling at the moment."

More than $1.9 million had already been donated for Ahmed via a crowdfunding site set up for the hero.

"I've got no doubt that there are many, many people alive tonight as a result of his bravery," said NSW Premier Chris Minns.

New footage also emerged today of two mystery bystanders fighting with one of the alleged shooters.

The two people, who are yet to be named, were shot dead in the confrontation on Sunday evening as they grappled with one of the shooters, believed to be 50-year-old Sajid Akram.

In the footage, the man in the purple shirt can be seen wrestling the alleged shooter to the ground, disarming him in the process.

He then wields the man's gun like a bat in an effort to stop the attack.

Later footage, which 9news.com.au has chosen not to publish, shows the man in the purple shirt fatally shot in the confrontation.

Reuven Morrison also died trying to save others.

The 62-year-old father was shot and killed as he tried to stop one of the gunmen with a brick.

His daughter Sheina Gutnick said her father died a hero as he assisted Ahmed in confronting the shooter.

"He was screaming at the terrorist and protecting the community," Gutnick told CBS.

READ MORE: CCTV captures dad and son alleged shooters heading for Bondi

Witnesses who protected each other

Jessica Rozen had been attending the Chaunkah by the Sea event when the shots rang out.

She was looking for her own toddler son when she saw another little girl screaming in fear.

In footage shared with Guardian Australia, Rozen lay on top of her, shielding the child until the gunfire subsided.

"We're going to be nice and safe and nobody is going to hurt us, OK?" Rozen can be heard saying.

Rozen's son was also protected by his grandmother during the shooting.

"She lay on top of him," Rozen told the outlet.

"A group of men gathered all the kids and women from the playground and walked them up to the surf club.

"I don't know who they are, but I am grateful beyond measure."

Rozen also said on LinkedIn that she was OK.

"My brother-in-law was injured, I have some minor cuts and bruises but am otherwise unharmed," she said.

"I have grown up here. I love this place. I wish only for peace and love. Thank you so much for everyone who came to help."

Another woman, Julia, said her son was aided by a couple who drove him to safety after he was shot in the attack

"They saw he was bleeding so they put him in their car and drove him up the road, where they met my husband who was on his way down to Bondi to get my son and take him to hospital," Julia said.

Julia is still trying to track down the strangers who helped.

Hero lifeguards who helped first responders

Bondi Beach's famous lifeguards sprang into action the moment the shooting began.

Lifeguard Jackson Doolan has been hailed an Australian hero for running towards danger as the gunmen killed innocent people who were enjoying an evening at the Chanukah by the Sea event.

Bondi local Alexandra Ching filmed Doolan as he ran, barefoot and carrying a medical bag, down Bondi Road from Tamarama.

Multiple members of the lifeguard team also stepped up to help the wounded.

One lifeguard even paddled into the water to help a struggling swimmer amid the chaos.

Surf Lifesaving NSW chief executive Steve Pearce earlier praised his team's bravery and said he is incredibly proud of them.

"It was amazing, we got calls from the club as it was happening – lifesavers here in Bondi ran straight out to get children out of the playground, as they were under fire, other lifesavers ran out to perform CPR on people who had been shot," he said.

Paramedics and police witnessing unspeakable horror

While most people at the beach were fleeing in the opposite direction, police officers, paramedics and first responders walked straight into the gunfire.

It is their job to risk their lives to help people in danger, but their bravery has been commended and praised widely in the aftermath.

Police officers from around Sydney responded "without hesitation" when the shooting began, NSW Police Minister Yasmin Catley said.

"They just heard the event, put their uniform on, got in their car, and drove to Bondi police station because they knew they would be needed," she said.

"We had them not just from locals, as far as Newcastle, Sutherland, western Sydney… You name it."

Health Minister Ryan Park said frontline paramedics responded swiftly and professionally when they treated the dozens of wounded at Bondi Beach.

More than 100 paramedics responded to the shooting, ensuring no stone was left unturned and no injured person was left untreated.

"They went into an area that's called a 'hot zone', meaning a live offender was possibly still in their midst, and they did remarkable work," Park said.

Nurses, doctors and hospital staff treating the wounded

More than 40 people were injured in the shooting, some needing urgent surgery.

Hospitals around Sydney suddenly looked like war zones, with a triage centre needing to be set up outside one emergency room after it became too crowded.

Doctors, nurses, surgeons and frontline medical staff had a long night and long days ahead as the wounded came pouring in.

Some worked overnight and incredibly long hours to keep patients alive.

"Now our clinicians and our nurses are doing incredible work at our state's hospitals, looking after those 38 people who are still in hospital and remain in various conditions," Park added.

Australians who gave life-saving donations

In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, Lifeblood Australia issued an urgent call-out for donations.

Australians arrived at their local donor centres in the thousands, with lines snaking out the door and up the block.

For those who felt powerless and helpless and wanted to do something, this offered a crucial purpose.

As they say, many hands make light work.

And people were so eager and ready to donate that Lifeblood's website temporarily crashed.

NSW Premier Chris Minns said blood donations are still needed.

"If you haven't got an appointment, if you can't get in immediately, we require your blood," Minns said.

"To put this in perspective, for somebody in trauma, they may need 100 individual donations to save their life."

READ MORE: Families of injured police grateful to all who 'acted with courage' as 25 remain in hospital

The growing floral tributes

Bondi Beach has become a permanent vigil and growing floral tribute to the 15 innocent lives lost on Sunday, with countless bouquets laid at the Bondi Pavilion.

Sydneysiders from around the city, politicians and grieving loved ones have come to pay their respects and to mourn, cry, pray and sing with each other.

The Lemon Tree Grocer in Bondi offered free bunches of flowers to mourners and said in a sign that the owners "honour the good in our community and condemn all hatred".

Notes of hope and support have also been left at the scene.

If you have been impacted by the terror attack in Bondi there is support available.

To contact Lifeline Australia, call 13 11 14 or text 0477 13 11 14.

For people under 25 years old, you can contact Kids Helpline at 1800 55 1800.

Both of these are available on a 24/7 basis.

If you wish to donate blood, you can find your nearest donor centre here.