Gun culture was a key part of Jair Bolsonaro’s winning campaign to become Brazil’s president. Three years later, what impact has he had on the nation’s relationship with firearms and how much has US politics played a part?

Rice and beans hold an important place in the heart of most Brazilians.

In this deeply divided country, where almost everything is politicised, at least the famous “feijao” is a food loved by everyone. That is, until recently – when Jair Bolsonaro tried to put a political spin on the humble bean.

“The left says that people don’t eat guns, they eat beans,” he joked. He had a few weeks earlier attacked his critics for saying that buying food was more important for Brazilians than buying firearms. “So when someone attacks your house, shoot beans at them,” he said ironically.

It is yet another example of Bolsonaro sticking two fingers up at his critics. And they’re well-used fingers. Throughout his campaign trail in 2018, he used them in a pistol hand gesture as a clear message to his supporters – even in a country with one of the world’s highest rates of gun deaths, easing firearms laws was a top priority.

And on 15 January 2019, just two weeks after taking power, he made good on his promise. The Brazilian president signed a decree making it easier for Brazilians to keep weapons at home and at the same time, increasing the validity of gun licences from five years to 10.

It was, according to Bolsonaro, a step that would enable “upstanding citizens to have peace inside their homes”.

And he’s not stopped since. The president has now made more than 32 changes to the country’s gun laws – they include increasing the number of guns you’re allowed to own, looser restrictions on ammunition and the ability to buy more powerful weapons.

For Akira Ando, who owns a gun club in the town of Atibaia in Sao Paulo state, the past few years have seen a boom in business.

“The telephone just rang off the hook,” says Akira of the response following the decree. “People who never even imagined they could have a firearm at home or for sport were calling up.”

He’s had to triple the number of people he employs on the administrative side – and he’s got more than 2,500 members now. Until four years ago, it was closer to a thousand.

“The profile of person who comes to the club has changed in the past few years,” says Ando. “Our strength is shooting as a sport but people come here to get the paperwork to own a gun, to be able to keep one at home or at work, to protect their family.”

Business owner Elias Paulo Kury is one such member. A relative newcomer to shooting, he enjoys the club’s atmosphere but is clear about one of his main motivations to pick up a gun.

“All the baddies are armed, why shouldn’t we have the right to defend ourselves in our own homes? It doesn’t make any sense,” he says. “Nowadays, we’re victims of everything that is happening around us,” he says, adding that unemployment and poverty are propelling violence in the country.

Times have changed in Brazil.

In 2003, a Disarmament Statute was signed into law, tightening rules on weapons. The following year, there was a National Disarmament Campaign, which saw the handing in of more than half a million weapons.

But in 2005, a referendum was held asking people’s views on an outright ban on gun sales. Even with guns a leading cause of death, Brazil’s gun lobby campaigned hard, importing the US concept of a right to bear arms – in the end, the public voted NO to such a ban.

“We are seeing the NRA discourse being imported for Brazilian context and it’s completely different,” says Melina Risso, a public security expert and director at Igarapé Institute in Rio de Janeiro.

“Here in Brazil, it’s not a right to carry a gun, it’s a concession by the state and they have strict rules. But since 2005, the gun lobby has tried to change the mindset of Brazilians in general. It didn’t start with Bolsonaro.”

But there’s no doubt Bolsonaro has made the debate his own since taking power.

In fact, according to the Brazilian Forum of Public Security, as of 2020, the number of guns registered with the Federal Police has doubled since 2017. And in 2020 alone, 186,071 new weapons were registered – an increase of 97% in a year.

Samurai Caçador (Samurai Hunter in English) is a beneficiary of this new wave. A hunting fanatic and social media influencer, he regularly goes online to talk about guns, their merits and the challenges for regular gun-users.

“I was never into arms,” he says, explaining that he came from a family where weapons were thought to go against family safety and life. “I wanted to know more about this world, I took the initiative to question it.”

Samurai hunts wild boar – the only animal that can be legally hunted in Brazil and even then, only as a way to control numbers in the wild as opposed to a sport. But, like all aspects of guns here in Brazil, it’s become increasingly popular. Between 2019 and 2020, there was a rise of nearly 30% in the number of hunting and collecting licences issued.

“I was transformed by this world so I want to use my experience to explain that weapons aren’t a seven-headed beast,” he says. “It’s about freedom. It’s a choice to be armed or not. It’s a right that we will defend. Our president has always defended it. It’s sacred.”

But this, say experts, doesn’t truly represent Brazil – a poor country of more than 200 million that saw over 50,000 deaths from firearms last year. Indeed, recent polls suggest two-thirds of people disagree with gun ownership.

“There is a part of Brazil for whom this US style gun culture makes some sense, but not for the majority of Brazilians,” says Brian Winter, editor-in-chief of Americas Quarterly.

“Where most of Brazilians live – in the south-east and north-east along the coasts, these are big cities where this kind of assault-rifle toting culture makes no sense at all.”

So why the US-style gun strategy then?

“I don’t think there is a strategy, I think it’s a reflection of the reality which is so much of Bolsonarismo being modelled after Trump,” says Winter. “They clearly looked at the gun culture issue and said maybe we’ve got something here.”

Bolsonaro has always openly admired Trump and US culture and it’s telling that several influential thinkers allied to the Bolsonaro government, such as Olavo de Carvalho and Rodrigo Constantino, live in the US.

But as with the Trumps, it’s very much a family affair with the Bolsonaros. Son Eduardo is an influential member of the dynasty, forging relationships with the likes of strategist Steve Bannon. And the parallels between Eduardo Bolsonaro and Don Trump Jr posing with guns is not lost on Brazil watchers either.

“What you get is mostly the imagery and the macho posing with the AR15s,” says Winter. “The visuals that are meant to project strength, I feel like [they are] often one or two degrees separated from Taliban imagery.”

But where now? Trump is no longer in power, and Jair Bolsonaro is yet to announce whether he will run for another term in next year’s elections.

The pandemic has certainly hit his popularity but a year is a long time in Brazilian politics. No matter what politics you believe in, he’s made an impact.

“When we look at the data, every serious study that has been conducted has shown if you have more guns, you have more violence especially in a country like Brazil,” says Melissa Risso.

“The damage is really huge in Brazil in terms of all the regulation they made, the weakening of the laws and how many guns are already in the population’s hands. We will have a lot of consequences for many years.”

BBC- At least 68 prisoners have been killed in new fighting at an Ecuadorean prison where more than a hundred inmates died in clashes between rival gangs in September, officials say.

The riot at the Litoral Penitentiary in the city of Guayaquil reportedly began on Friday evening.

Police tactical units who entered the prison buildings found guns, explosives and blades, reports say.

Officials say they have re-gained control of the jail.

Nearly 300 inmates have died so far this year in the country’s prisons, and September’s gang-related violence was the worst in Ecuador’s history.

Some 119 inmates lost their lives during a riot in the Litoral Penitentiary on 28 September.

The latest fighting at the prison in Guayaquil, Guayas province, has also left 25 people injured and follows a smaller armed clash earlier this month in which three inmates were shot dead.

There were reports of further violence at the prison later on Saturday and soldiers were deployed as reinforcements, securing the outside of the facility in armoured vehicles.

Family and friends of prisoners desperate for information gathered outside the building, where a list of victims’ names was taped to a post.

“They are human beings, help them,” read a banner held by one of the families.

Authorities said the violence started as a territorial dispute between rival groups after a gang leader was released early.

“As this section of the prison was without a ringleader, other gangs tried to… enter to carry out a total massacre,” the governor of Guayas province, Pablo Arosemena, told reporters.

He said there were about 700 prisoners in the area of the facility where the deadly riot was taking place.

In a short statement posted to Twitter, President Guillermo Lasso offered his condolences “to the families who have lost loved ones” and said new measures were needed to “fight the mafias that profit from chaos”.

On 28 September, inmates from one wing of the prison crawled through a hole to gain access to a different wing, where they attacked rival gang members. Hundreds of officers and army soldiers were deployed to regain control of the complex.

The deadly fight, which saw some inmates decapitated, drew attention to the growing influence in Ecuador of transnational crime gangs such as the Mexico-based Sinaloa and Jalisco New Generation cartels.

Earlier this month in a BBC interview, Mr Lasso insisted that his government was regaining control not only of the prisons but also of areas of Ecuador where drug traffickers had gained a foothold.

He accused previous governments of being “passive” about drug trafficking but warned that rising drug use in the country would take “more than a decade” to tackle.

And he said Ecuador would need international support from neighbouring Colombia, the US and the EU to strengthen its armed forces and police to combat the growing influence of crime gangs.

Ecuador’s prisons are currently accommodating about 9,000 more prisoners than they were designed to hold, officials say. The Litoral Penitentiary was designed for 5,300 inmates but currently holds 8,500.

Here are some ways in which the decisions made at COP26 could change your life.

Switching to an electric car is among a number of lifestyle changes we’re likely to be making.

Experts predict that new electric vehicles could cost the same as new petrol or diesel cars within the next five years. It is also possible to lease an electric vehicle, and there’s a growing second-hand market, where these vehicles are cheaper.

Dozens of countries, regions and car companies have agreed to ramp up the use of electric vehicles and bring in new zero-emission buses and trucks.

Meanwhile, others argue we need fewer cars on the road – walking and cycling more could also be among the changes we make.

How can an average family afford an electric car?

More than 40 countries have signed up to phasing out coal. A similar number have committed to ensuring that clean energy is the most reliable and affordable option for powering our homes and businesses.

For countries like the UK, this will mean continuing the move towards renewable sources such as wind and solar energy – and possibly more reliance on nuclear energy.

COP26 lacked a breakthrough announcement committing the world’s biggest coal-users such as China and India to ending its use.

However, it’s hoped the announcements made at Glasgow will send a signal to the market that it is worth investing in renewable energy.

Solar panels and heat pumps could become standard in our homes. We’ll build new houses using low-carbon alternatives to cement and concrete – and try to re-fit old ones.

There’s also a focus on making sure our buildings, infrastructure and communities are able to withstand the current and future impact of climate change.

Eva Hinkers, Arup Sustainable Development Director says: “We also need to make sure [buildings] are fit for more extreme scenarios.”

This could include improving green space in and around our homes to absorb extreme rainfall, installing “cool roofs” that reflect sunlight and prevent overheating, or introducing shutters so homes can withstand hurricane winds.

Our lifestyles contribute to carbon emissions, whether we’re shopping for imported food, or flying away on a foreign holiday.

In future, we may see the cost of a product’s carbon emissions being added to the price we pay – whether or not it’s made in the UK.

So if a business doesn’t try and reduce the emissions of the goods it’s selling, its prices may have to go up. It’s hoped that will make consumers and businesses think again about how we consume and where we put our money.

In response to this, some big household names like Amazon, Unilever and Ikea have now said they’re looking to ensure the cargo ships they use to deliver goods will run on cleaner fuels.

Nature’s role in fighting climate change and the need to restore the natural world – from forests to peatland – was high on the agenda at Glasgow, and we may see the benefits in greener spaces around our towns and cities.

“Nature can be helping us here if we looked to actually treat it with the respect it deserves,” says Dr Emily Shukburgh of the University of Cambridge.

The arguments to make space for nature are now clearer and louder than ever, ​says Craig Bennett, chief executive of The Wildlife Trusts. “There is now renewed momentum about the need to… protect forests and other precious habitats and put nature in recovery.”

Breaking the link between cutting down forests in the global south and products consumed in the global north, such as soybeans, beef and palm oil, could end the era of cheap food.

More than 100 countries have signed up to the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests, which aims to halt deforestation.

Experts say that a hard choice could be faced – deforestation will never be stopped if sustainability concerns are always out-competed by price:

“Consumers will inevitably have to absorb some of these costs if we want to deliver on the COP 26 declaration – by paying more and consuming less,” says Toby Gardner of the Stockholm Environment Institute.

More than 400 financial institutions – controlling an estimated $130tn of private finance – agreed at COP26 to provide more money for green technology.

It means that many major pension providers are going to be looking at investing your money in more environmentally friendly sectors.

This might include “helping our customers identify ways to improve the energy efficiency of their homes… investing in companies developing new, sustainable ways of living and working,” says Janet Pope of Lloyds Banking Group.

We may also witness a shift in our way of thinking.

Dr Stephanie Sodero of the University of Manchester says the goal of sticking to 1.5 degrees – above which scientists say climate impacts will become more dangerous and unpredictable – could galvanise community action.

“On the ground, in UK communities and beyond, led by youth activists, I think there will be sustained and intense pressure to scrutinise all governance decisions – from local transport to national energy – through a climate lens,” she says.

Matthew Hannon from the University of Strathclyde says the drive to net zero is likely to yield benefits such as cleaner air, quieter streets and better mental and physical health.

“Delivering a just, net zero transition should ultimately result in happier, healthier lifestyles,” he says. “The question should therefore be less about what will I lose under net zero and more about what could I gain?”