When the rainstorm hit Petropolis last week, 41-year-old Carine Santiago was nervous. Brazil is a country used to tropical downpours and people here take rainy season in their stride. But even by Brazilian standards, it was intense.

The town saw a month’s worth of rain – 240 mm (9.4 in)- in just two hours.

“The rain came down so hard,” Carine says. She was trapped at work, while her daughter was at home. “I had no idea that where I lived it was even worse.”

At home, 13-year-old Mariana had a narrow escape.

“I looked up and my house started shaking,” she says. “I ran up to my neighbour and you could see the entire mudslide from there, it was like a waterfall.”

Their house was destroyed as the mudslide came crashing down the hillside.

In all, the rain caused 26 landslides and killed 176 people. More than 100 are still missing.

Carine and Mariana’s home was in the neighbourhood of Morro da Oficina, built on a steep slope in the south of Petropolis. It was one of the worst-hit areas.

History has repeated itself for Carine. 26 years ago, her mother was killed in a mudslide.

“When I see that red earth, I feel sick,” she says. “But I have to stay strong for my children, I can’t collapse.”

Why then, if she had experienced such tragedy, did she continue to live in a place known to be risky?

“We can’t afford to live anywhere else,” she says, adding that after her mother died, the family never again lived high up. Instead, they chose to build a home at a lower level, assuming that would be safer.

“Nobody ever imagined it would be so dangerous,” she says.

The day after the mudslides, Rio de Janeiro’s governor Claudio Castro visited Petropolis.

These were the worst rains to have hit the city since 1932, he said, blaming previous administrations for not doing enough to prevent the mudslides.

“May it serve as a lesson so that this time we are different,” he said.

We asked Rio’s state government to respond to accusations that residents in risky areas feel they have little choice in where they can afford to live.

They sent a statement explaining that even before last week’s events, there was a shortage of housing relating back to 2011 when more than 900 people died in the mountain region after landslides and housing was promised to affected families then.

“The building of those houses depends on the freeing up of land by Petropolis municipality,” the state government said. It added that the governor had plans to build 50,000 new units across the state – the biggest project in decent decades.

Professor Antonio Guerra, from the Department of Geography of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, doesn’t have much time for a political blame game.

He’s been studying landslides in Petropolis since 1992 and says authorities know where the risky areas are. He’s handed over landslide risk maps to them, based on his research, but nothing is ever done.

‘The authorities are much more concerned about being re-elected than doing something for the people,” he says. “There is money but it’s not been spent on improving the lives of residents.”

According to Professor Guerra, as many as 20,000 people in Petropolis live in areas at risk. Last week, he took measurements of the incline of some of the neighbourhoods and was shocked by his findings. Some houses were built on 55-60 degree inclines.

“When you build at more than 20 degrees you have to be very careful,” he said. “And over 45 degrees is illegal in Brazil.”

But the solution isn’t easy, he admits.

“What the local authorities should do is pull down the house and build it in another place. But that means you lose votes in the next elections,” he says. “Of course, once people start building, you can stop them, but they don’t – authorities turn a blind eye.”

The structural inequalities of Brazil mean that for the vast majority of Brazilians, there are no “safe” options.

The Queen has tested positive for Covid, Buckingham Palace has said.

The 95-year-old monarch is experiencing “mild cold-like symptoms” but expects to continue “light duties” at Windsor over the coming week, the palace said.

“She will continue to receive medical attention and will follow all the appropriate guidelines,” it added in a statement.

Her eldest son and heir, the Prince of Wales, tested positive on 10 February, after meeting his mother on 8 February.

It is understood a number of people have tested positive at Windsor Castle, where the Queen resides.

Later on Sunday, the Palace issued a congratulatory message from the Queen to the Team GB Curling teams.

She heralded the teams’ “outstanding performance” at the Winter Olympics, which led to the women securing a gold medal and the men silver.

She added: “I know that your local communities and people throughout the United Kingdom will join me in sending our good wishes to you, your coaches and the friends and family who have supported you in your great success.”

Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he was “sure I speak for everyone in wishing Her Majesty The Queen a swift recovery from Covid and a rapid return to vibrant good health”.

Leader of the Opposition, Labour’s Sir Keir Starmer, also wished the monarch “good health and a speedy recovery”, adding: “Get well soon, Ma’am.”

The positive test comes days before England is expected to drop the legal requirement to self-isolate for those who catch Covid, as the last virus restrictions are set to be removed.

Outlining the thinking behind the government’s upcoming “living with Covid” plans, Mr Johnson told the BBC it was time to “shift the balance away from state mandation” and said the public can “get their confidence back”.

On the eve of her Platinum Jubilee marking 70 years on the throne on 6 February, the Queen carried out her first major public engagement for more than three months, meeting charity workers at Sandringham House.

The Queen, who will be 96 in April, had her first vaccine in January 2021 and is believed to have had all her follow-up jabs after that.

BBC royal correspondent Nicholas Witchell said she had been taking life “rather more easily” since spending a night in hospital for medical checks in October last year.

In November, the Queen missed the Remembrance Sunday service with a strained back, weeks after being advised to rest by doctors following the hospital stay.

It was the first time she missed the ceremony at the Cenotaph in London as monarch, other than when she was pregnant or abroad.

While on light duties it is likely the Queen will be reading documents from UK government ministers and Commonwealth representatives sent to her every day, approving and signing them where necessary.

Meanwhile, BBC health correspondent Jim Reed said newly-approved antiviral drugs could aid the Queen’s recovery.

He said the drugs were now a key way to cut the risk of vulnerable people needing hospital treatment, although it was not clear if they would definitely be offered to the monarch.

Currently, the available antivirals need to be taken within three to five days of contracting Covid.

The drugs approved for use in the UK include Paxlovid and molnupiravir, which have both demonstrated in medical trials they significantly reduce the risk of hospital admission or death.

On Tuesday, the Queen attended her first official engagement since coming into contact with Prince Charles, holding a virtual meeting with two new ambassadors to the UK.

The following day, she smiled as she suggested she had mobility problems during a meeting with defence staff. Standing while using a walking stick, she pointed to her left leg and said: “Well, as you can see, I can’t move.”